Total motility measures the percentage of all sperm showing any movement, including progressive (forward), non-progressive (circular), and sluggish movement. The WHO 2021 lower reference limit is 42%. A high proportion of immotile sperm may indicate necrozoospermia or mitochondrial dysfunction.
FAQs
What is the difference between total and progressive motility?
Total motility counts all moving sperm; progressive motility only counts forward-swimming sperm. Progressive motility is more relevant for natural fertility as only forward-swimming sperm can reach the egg.
What is necrozoospermia?
Necrozoospermia is a high proportion of dead sperm. A vitality test using dye exclusion distinguishes dead from live non-motile sperm, important for IVF/ICSI planning.
Can anti-sperm antibodies cause low motility?
Yes. Anti-sperm antibodies binding to sperm tails cause immobilisation despite normal structure. They are more common after vasectomy reversal or genital tract infection.
Is low total motility treatable?
Often yes. Treating reversible causes (oxidative stress, varicocele, infection) and antioxidant therapy can significantly improve motility.
