Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is the primary fat-soluble antioxidant in cell membranes, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids from lipid peroxidation. It works synergistically with vitamin C, selenium, and other antioxidants.
Deficiency is uncommon in healthy adults but occurs with severe fat malabsorption (coeliac disease, cystic fibrosis, bariatric surgery). Deficiency causes progressive peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, and haemolytic anaemia.
FAQs
Do vitamin E supplements prevent heart disease?
Large randomised trials have shown vitamin E supplements do not reduce cardiovascular events. Antioxidant supplements in isolation have not demonstrated cardiovascular benefit.
What are the best dietary sources?
Sunflower seeds, almonds, hazelnuts, pine nuts, vegetable oils (sunflower, safflower, wheat germ), and avocado are the richest sources.
Can high-dose vitamin E be harmful?
Very high doses (above 400 IU/day) have been associated with increased mortality in some meta-analyses. The tolerable upper intake level is 1000 mg/day.
Why correct vitamin E for lipid levels?
Vitamin E is lipid-carried in blood. Elevated lipids artificially raise vitamin E levels. Lipid correction provides a more accurate assessment of true tissue vitamin E status.
